Eric Hoffer’s “The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements” (1951) is a seminal work that examines the psychology of individuals who become deeply committed to mass movements, whether political, religious, or social. Hoffer’s analysis focuses on the motivations and characteristics of these “true believers” and the conditions that make mass movements thrive.

Key Psychological Traits of the True Believer

1. Discontent with the Present Self: True believers often feel a deep dissatisfaction with their personal lives. They see themselves as ineffectual, powerless, or insignificant and seek to escape this reality by merging their identity with a larger cause or movement [1]. Hoffer argues that this dissatisfaction drives people to seek meaning and purpose in something external, often leading them to embrace ideologies that promise radical change.

2. Desire for Certainty and Simplicity: True believers are drawn to movements that offer clear, black-and-white answers to complex problems. They crave certainty and are often intolerant of ambiguity or nuance.

3. Willingness to Sacrifice Individuality: Hoffer notes that true believers are willing to subordinate their individuality to the collective identity of the movement. This allows them to feel part of something greater than themselves, which can be empowering but also leads to fanaticism.

4. Frustration and Resentment:!Many true believers harbor feelings of frustration and resentment, often directed at society, elites, or other groups they perceive as responsible for their struggles. This resentment fuels their commitment to the movement and their willingness to fight for its goals.

5. Faith in a Glorious Future: True believers are often motivated by a vision of a utopian future promised by the movement. This vision gives them hope and a sense of purpose, even if it requires sacrificing the present [2].

6. Susceptibility to Leadership: Hoffer emphasizes that true believers are often drawn to charismatic leaders who embody the ideals of the movement and provide a sense of direction and unity.

Comparison to Modern “True Believers”

The psychological traits Hoffer identified remain relevant today and can be observed in the followers of contemporary political figures like Donald Trump, Kamala Harris, Barack Obama, and Bernie Sanders. While the specific ideologies and movements differ, the underlying motivations and behaviors of their most ardent supporters often align with Hoffer’s analysis.

1. Donald Trump: Many of Trump’s most devoted supporters exhibit traits of true believers, such as a strong desire for certainty, resentment toward perceived elites, and faith in Trump’s promises to “Make America Great Again.” His charismatic leadership and ability to channel frustration into a cohesive movement resonate with Hoffer’s description of mass movement dynamics.
2. Kamala Harris and Barack Obama: Supporters of Harris and Obama often emphasize their hope for a more inclusive and equitable future. While their movements may not exhibit the same level of fanaticism as others, the faith in their leadership and vision for change reflects some of the psychological traits Hoffer described, particularly the desire for a better future and identification with a collective cause [2].
3. Bernie Sanders: Sanders’ supporters often align with Hoffer’s analysis of frustration and resentment, particularly toward economic inequality and corporate power. His movement’s focus on systemic change and a vision of a more just society appeals to those seeking meaning and purpose through collective action.

Key Differences in Modern Contexts

While the psychological makeup of true believers remains consistent, modern mass movements are shaped by new factors:

• Social Media: Platforms like Twitter and Facebook amplify the reach of mass movements, allowing true believers to connect and organize more easily. This can intensify the sense of belonging and reinforce ideological echo chambers.

• Polarization: Modern politics is highly polarized, which can deepen the divide between opposing groups of true believers and increase the intensity of their commitment.

• Polarization: Modern politics is highly polarized, which can deepen the divide between opposing groups of true believers and increase the intensity of their commitment.

• Diverse Ideologies: Unlike the mid-20th century, today’s mass movements span a broader range of ideologies, from progressive to conservative, reflecting the complexity of modern societies.

Conclusion

Eric Hoffer’s insights into the psychology of the true believer remain strikingly relevant in understanding the dynamics of modern mass movements. Whether supporting Donald Trump, Kamala Harris, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders, true believers today share many of the same psychological traits Hoffer identified: dissatisfaction with the present, faith in a better future, and a willingness to subordinate individuality to a collective cause. However, the tools and contexts of modern movements—such as social media and political polarization—have added new dimensions to the phenomenon.

I’ve got health care.

DEI (diversity, equity, inclusion) doesn’t affect me.

I’ve got a job.

I’m not an immigrant.

Addressing the question “if it doesn’t affect me directly, why should I care?”, it’s crucial to understand the broader impact of community organizations. Understanding and evaluating community organizations requires a multifaceted approach. By considering their effectiveness, transparency, coalition-building efforts, and legitimacy indicators, you can make informed decisions about which organizations to support and engage with. Remember that while an organization’s impact may not always be immediately apparent to you personally, their work often contributes to broader societal improvements that can benefit everyone in the long term.

For full article We Need Organizations CLICK HERE

Philosophical Perspectives on Personal Identity

The question of personal identity over time has been a subject of intense philosophical debate for centuries. Several key theories help us understand the implications of this statement:

1. Psychological Continuity Theory: John Locke, a prominent philosopher, proposed that personal identity is founded on psychological continuity, particularly the continuity of consciousness. He argued that it is the same consciousness that links past and present experiences, which constitutes personal identity [1]. This theory suggests that “who you are is who you were when” is directly connected to your current self through a continuous stream of consciousness and memories.
2. Hume’s Bundle Theory: David Hume, another influential philosopher, was skeptical of the notion of a permanent self. He suggested that personal identity is more like a bundle of perceptions without a true underlying self [2]. This perspective challenges the idea of a consistent “you” across time, implying that “who you were when” might be fundamentally different from who you are now.
3. Narrative Identity: This concept, supported by philosophers and psychologists, suggests that individuals construct their sense of self through a personal narrative that is continuously updated and reshaped [3]. In this view, “who you were when” becomes part of the ongoing story you tell about yourself, influencing but not necessarily defining your current identity.

The Role of Memory in Identity

Memory plays a crucial role in connecting our past selves to our present identity:

1. Dynamic Nature of Memory: Scientific research has shown that memory is not a static archive but an active and reconstructive process. Each time we recall a memory, it is reconstructed, and this process can alter the original experience [4]. This suggests that “who you were when” is not a fixed point but a dynamic representation that changes over time.
2. Autobiographical Memory: From a psychological standpoint, autobiographical memory is central to the construction of personal identity. These memories are subjective, selective, and reconstructive, influenced by current emotions, beliefs, and cognitive biases [5]. This means that your recollection of “who you were when” is shaped by your current perspective and circumstances.

Consciousness and Self-Awareness

The statement also touches on the concepts of consciousness and self-awareness:

1. Self-Awareness Development: Self-awareness is a critical component of personal identity. It begins to develop in infancy and becomes more complex as individuals grow [6]. This developmental perspective suggests that “who you are is who you were when” might have different levels of self-awareness compared to your current self.
2. Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Scientific studies have explored the neural basis of consciousness, identifying areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex as important for self-awareness. However, self-awareness may arise from distributed brain networks rather than specific regions [7]. This neurological perspective highlights the complexity of maintaining a consistent sense of self over time.

Personality Development and Change

Research on personality development provides insights into how individuals change over time:

1. Stability and Change: Personality traits are generally characterized by both stability and change across the lifespan. While some traits like agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to increase with age, others like neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience may decline [8]. This suggests that who you are is who you were when” might have different personality characteristics compared to your current self.
2. Impact of Life Events: Significant life events can lead to changes in personality traits. For example, entering a romantic relationship or starting a new job can increase emotional stability and conscientiousness [9]. These changes imply that major life experiences can create distinctions between “who you are is who you were when” and who you are now.

Synthesis and Meaning

The statement “who you are is who you were when” encapsulates the complex interplay between continuity and change in personal identity. It challenges us to consider:

1. Continuity of Consciousness: To what extent does our consciousness provide a thread of continuity between our past and present selves?
2. Memory’s Role: How do our memories, which are dynamic and reconstructive, shape our understanding of who we were and who we are?
3. Personal Growth: How have we changed over time, and how do these changes affect our sense of self?
4. Narrative Construction: How do we integrate our past experiences into our current self-narrative?

In essence, this statement invites us to reflect on the complex nature of personal identity. It suggests that while there may be a continuity of consciousness and memory linking our past and present selves, we are also constantly evolving beings. Our current identity is shaped by, but not necessarily identical to, who we were in the past. This perspective encourages a nuanced understanding of personal identity that acknowledges both the enduring aspects of self and the potential for growth and change over time.

How important are the years 18 – 25 for the individual’s life future experience in the context of political activism? CLICK HERE

Neurobiological Development and Decision-Making

During the ages of 18-25, the brain undergoes significant changes that are crucial for political activism:

1. Prefrontal Cortex Maturation: The prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, impulse control, and decision-making, continues to develop well into the mid-20s [1]. This ongoing maturation is essential for political activists as it enhances their ability to make informed decisions, plan campaigns, and strategize effectively.
2. Emotional Regulation: The limbic system, involved in emotional processing and risk-taking behaviors, also matures during this period [2]. This development is crucial for political activists who often face emotionally charged situations and need to regulate their responses effectively.
3. Synaptic Pruning and Myelination: These processes improve cognitive abilities and decision-making skills [1], which are vital for activists navigating complex political landscapes and making critical choices about their involvement and strategies.

Identity Formation and Value Systems

The years 18-25 are fundamental for shaping an individual’s identity and values, which are core to political activism:

1. Identity Exploration: According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, this period involves exploring various possibilities in love, work, and worldviews to develop a coherent sense of self [3]. For political activists, this exploration is crucial in forming their political identities and determining the causes they will champion.
2. Self-Focused Exploration: Emerging adults often focus on developing the knowledge, skills, and self-understanding necessary for adult life [4]. This self-focus allows future activists to identify their passions and develop the competencies needed for effective advocacy.
3. Value System Development: The experiences and exposures during this period significantly influence the formation of an individual’s value system, which is fundamental to their political beliefs and motivations for activism.

Civic Engagement and Political Participation

The 18-25 age range is critical for establishing patterns of civic engagement that often persist throughout life:

1. Early Political Socialization: This period is crucial for political socialization, with family, friends, and institutions playing significant roles in motivating initial political participation [5]. These early influences can shape an activist’s long-term engagement and approach to political issues.
2. Skill Development: Early involvement in activism during this period leads to the development of political literacy and social capital, which are crucial for ongoing civic participation [6]. These skills, acquired in the formative years of activism, often become the foundation for a lifetime of effective political engagement.
3. Long-term Impact: Studies show that civic participation in adolescence and young adulthood helps develop a civic identity associated with higher levels of engagement later in life [7]. This suggests that activists who start their journey during these years are more likely to maintain their commitment and involvement over time.

Social Impact and Movement Building

The unique characteristics of youth activism during this period can have significant societal impacts:

1. Challenging Norms: Young activists between 18-25 are particularly effective at deconstructing prevailing societal standards and questioning deeply rooted systems of authority [8]. This ability to challenge the status quo is crucial for driving social change.
2. Innovative Approaches: With their adaptability and familiarity with new technologies, young activists in this age group often pioneer innovative methods of mobilization and communication [9]. This innovation can significantly enhance the reach and effectiveness of political movements.
3. Global Connectivity: The issues championed by today’s young activists, such as climate justice, racial fairness, and gender equality, often transcend geographical and ideological boundaries [10]. This global perspective, developed during these formative years, can lead to more inclusive and far-reaching activism.

Conclusion

The years between 18 and 25 are undeniably crucial for shaping an individual’s future as a political activist. This period encompasses significant neurobiological development, identity formation, and the establishment of civic engagement patterns that often persist throughout life. The experiences, skills, and networks developed during this time can set the foundation for a lifetime of impactful political activism.

For political activists, these years represent a unique opportunity to shape their worldviews, develop critical skills, and establish the groundwork for long-term civic engagement. The activism initiated during this period often has far-reaching consequences, not just for the individuals involved but for society as a whole. As such, supporting and nurturing political engagement during these formative years can have profound implications for the future of social movements and political change.

Why Black Art for Your Home

By Robert Lloyd

The importance of African Americans displaying art by and about their culture in their homes is paramount for providing identity to their children, as well as educating them on the history and heritage of the African diaspora. Hanging artwork that reflects a positive image of blackness can help foster self-esteem in children who may otherwise feel disconnected from or misrepresented by mainstream media. Additionally, it provides an opportunity for parents to teach lessons about resilience, pride and perseverance in times when many communities are facing adversity due to systemic racism.

For generations prior to us, our ancestors have been denied access into museums or galleries where they could learn more about our cultural roots; however today we have access through technology which has opened up new avenues for exploration without leaving home. By hanging artwork that celebrates various aspects of black life such as music, dance and fashion within one’s own home gives families a chance explore these topics together while also instilling values like respect for diversity within younger generations. Furthermore this helps create conversations around race relations with family members who might not understand why certain issues are important but can be exposed through visual representation.

In conclusion, hanging artworks created by African American artists on walls at home allows individuals from all backgrounds including those from minority groups, to gain insight into what makes up a unique culture. It serves both educational purposes – teaching people how different cultures interact-and personal ones – helping build self esteem among young people whose identities may be underrepresented elsewhere. Through this practice we will continue celebrating Black excellence while inspiring others towards greatness regardless of skin color.

Why Black Art for Your Home

By Robert Lloyd

The importance of African Americans displaying art by and about their culture in their homes is paramount for providing identity to their children, as well as educating them on the history and heritage of the African diaspora. Hanging artwork that reflects a positive image of blackness can help foster self-esteem in children who may otherwise feel disconnected from or misrepresented by mainstream media. Additionally, it provides an opportunity for parents to teach lessons about resilience, pride and perseverance in times when many communities are facing adversity due to systemic racism.

For generations prior to us, our ancestors have been denied access into museums or galleries where they could learn more about our cultural roots; however today we have access through technology which has opened up new avenues for exploration without leaving home. By hanging artwork that celebrates various aspects of black life such as music, dance and fashion within one’s own home gives families a chance explore these topics together while also instilling values like respect for diversity within younger generations. Furthermore this helps create conversations around race relations with family members who might not understand why certain issues are important but can be exposed through visual representation.

In conclusion, hanging artworks created by African American artists on walls at home allows individuals from all backgrounds including those from minority groups, to gain insight into what makes up a unique culture. It serves both educational purposes – teaching people how different cultures interact-and personal ones – helping build self esteem among young people whose identities may be underrepresented elsewhere. Through this practice we will continue celebrating Black excellence while inspiring others towards greatness regardless of skin color.

More Our Stories Our Visions Artists

Biography

Uriah De La O, 13, is an enrolled Spokane Tribal member and descendant of the Makah Tribe. He attends Shaw Middle School and loves to spend time sketching, hanging out with his paralyzed Frenchie Hoola, and playing video games. His art is inspired by nature, fictional characters and monsters, and his family.

He helped illustrate this 2-minute digital story (Cocoon Woman). It’s a traditional indigenous story used to process and discuss grief.

More Our Stories Our Visions Artists

Make masks for Blue voters / Let Red go to church / Blue pray at home

Sometimes we can’t wait on the cavalry!
Let’s put the wagons in a circle.
The battle has begun!
We are under attack, we must do the best we can with what we have.
The creative will have the best chance for survival.
It’s good to be prepared and independent but in times like this we need to be inter-dependent.

Super-Heroism 101 : You Need A Mask
By Yvor Stoakley

Dear Friends,
While the jury may still be out (sorry about the legal jargon…it means there is still no clear verdict on this issue), “Masks Save Lives” (https://www.maskssavelives.org/ ) makes some compelling arguments for wearing masks in public during this pandemic. We each have to weigh these arguments and make up our own minds but here are some of the points they offer for consideration:

Western countries are experiencing higher rates of COVID-19 infections compared to Asian countries where mask wearing is a more culturally accepted practice.

·       There is broad consensus that individuals who are infected and individuals who are contagious should wear a mask in the presence of other people to reduce the incidence of infecting others.

·       It is standard practice in hospitals for surgeons to wear masks to avoid transferring germs to their patients.

·       Masks can protect against transfer of aerosolized droplets that may contain viruses.

·       Wearing a mask during a pandemic is a courteous gesture towards other human beings.

·       Masks trap virus particles on the inside preventing them from becoming airborne.

·       Without sufficient testing and given that many COVID-19 carriers may be asymptomatic (i.e., not exhibiting symptoms) it is best to assume that everyone could be a carrier.

·       Masks are only one protective strategy and should still be combined with social distancing, coughing into your elbow, washing your hands frequently, and other appropriate practices.

·       Masks can be easily made from readily available materials without preventing healthcare workers, first e responders and others from having masks they vitally need.

·       N95 masks are better than surgical masks, but anything that prevents breathing in moisture particles with viruses helps.

We clearly need more research and hard data to confirm or illuminate the effectiveness of wearing masks. And it is always good advice to consult with a doctor. But in a time when every individual is called upon to do his or her small part to “flatten the curve” and mitigate the spread of the corona virus, we can all wear a mask in public or when interacting with other people. At any rate, while you are sheltered in place, give it some thought. 

And furthermore, remember that many fictional superheroes and defenders of justice (e.g., Zorro, the Lone Ranger, Black Panther, Raven, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, etc.) choose masks.* 

*In law school they taught us to try any argument that we thought might be persuasive.